The Role of Lipofuscin in Plaque Inflammation and Calcification"The aging pigment ceroid or lipofuscin, which mostly comes from PUFA and is associated with foam macrophage cells in the plaque, accumulates iron (Lee, et al., 1998) and causes local hypoxia by catalyzing oxidation, leading to lactic acid formation and contributing to an inflammatory process. The products of lipid peroxidation, such as azelaic acid (Riad, et al., 2018), together with lactate, lead to tissue calcification." September 2018 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Vitamin E Mitigates Iron-Induced Stress and Arthritis in Animals"Hans Selye sometimes used an injected metal, such as iron salts, to experimentally sensitize animals to stress and thus more easily trigger arthritis. He found that vitamin E could reduce this effect of iron." Nutrition For Women |
Connection Between Mental Health Issues and Hormonal and Metal Imbalances"The high levels of copper, iron, and lead found in many people with mental health issues could be secondary to a hormonal disorder." Nutrition For Women |
Changed Nutrient Needs Due to Estrogen for Blood Sugar and a Healthy Pregnancy"Vitamin E, vitamin A, and magnesium are other nutrients that help maintain blood sugar. Vitamin B12 is needed to utilize vitamin A. Folic acid, vitamin B6, and zinc are depleted by increased estrogen and are especially important for a healthy pregnancy. Too much copper can lower blood sugar; too much iron can destroy vitamin E, and a vitamin E deficiency can lead to jaundice, which can affect the baby's brain." Nutrition For Women |
Mechanisms of Iron Accumulation in the Liver"It is known that excess iron accumulates in the liver because there is no mechanism to excrete it." Nutrition For Women |
Harmful Effects of Iron on Antibodies and Immune Response"In in vitro tests, iron damages the ability of antibodies to destroy germs. In the body, iron seems to be 'hidden' during infections because of this effect on the immune system." Nutrition For Women |
Destruction of Vitamin E by Iron Salts in Animal Feed"Around 1940, laboratory animals fed with a commercially produced feed showed signs of vitamin E deficiency and died from brain softening. The manufacturers knew they had added vitamin E to the mix, but when they tested it, they found none at all. It turned out that the iron salts added to the feed had destroyed the vitamin E." Nutrition For Women |
Natural iron sources and their compatibility with vitamin E“Natural iron sources like red meat, wheat bran, wheat germ, or molasses do not seem to have this destructive effect on vitamin E. So if an iron supplement is needed during pregnancy, these foods would likely reduce the risk of vitamin E deficiency and dangers like miscarriage.” Nutrition For Women |
The role of vitamin E in preventing hemolytic anemia“In vitamin E deficiency, red blood cells become fragile and break down. This type of hemolytic anemia is quite common in premature infants and is now treated with vitamin E. However, in adults, anemia is too often routinely treated with iron pills without considering whether the anemia is related to red blood cell fragility, which could be worsened by iron pills that destroy vitamin E.” Nutrition For Women |
Stress-related carbon monoxide and markers of chronic conditions“When carbon monoxide is produced under stress, the breakdown of the heme molecule also releases iron and biliverdin, which is quickly converted into bilirubin. Increases in bilirubin and carbon monoxide in body fluids or breath can be observed in many chronic conditions – along with changes in tissue iron content.” November 2017 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Iron accumulation: stress, aging, and oxidative damage“The accumulation of iron in tissues during stress and aging makes it increasingly likely to suffer severe damage during moments of oxygen deficiency, because iron atoms catalyze reactions like lipid peroxidation.” November 2017 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Stress-induced metabolic shift and formation of reactive toxins“When stress shifts metabolism toward reduction – producing lactic acid – iron atoms cyclically react with oxygen and reducing agents, generating hydroxyl radicals and other highly reactive toxins.” March 2017 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Age-related changes in the brain, intensified by estrogen“With aging, iron and polyunsaturated fats accumulate in the brain. Estrogen slows the removal of dopamine, thereby increasing the chance that it reacts toxically with iron and highly unsaturated fats, especially arachidonic acid and DHA; it also tends to increase the formation of prostaglandins and nitric oxide. The opposite effects of progesterone likely explain the lower incidence of Parkinson’s in women compared to men.” March 2017 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Hydroxyl radicals from divalent iron ions under stress"The main source of hydroxyl radicals during stress is the ferrous iron ion, a reduced form of iron – for example, the iron released when heme oxygenase breaks down heme and produces carbon monoxide." July 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The role of vitamin C as a reducing agent in cellular states"When the cell is in a reduced state, vitamin C is one of the reducing agents that reacts with iron, forming hydroxyl radicals." July 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The role of oxygen and iron in aging and tissue degradation"I think oxygen waste is a central event in aging. Just as a cut potato needs oxygen to form melanin, so do our tissues. With aging, iron tends to accumulate increasingly in our tissues, and iron seems to be a factor in oxygen waste (especially in age pigment)." Generative Energy Restoring The Wholeness Of Life |
The role of vitamins in protecting against iron-related toxicity"Excess vitamin C can contribute to iron toxicity, but in the right amount, vitamin C is metabolically linked with vitamin E and helps protect against the toxic free radicals generated by iron. Vitamin A also acts as an antioxidant when very little oxygen is present – that is, when iron toxicity is at its worst." Generative Energy Restoring The Wholeness Of Life |
Analysis of the seemingly paradoxical properties of older blood"Between old blood and young blood, two clear differences were found. The albumin in old blood is in a more oxidized state. (I believe it was the famous gerontologist Verzar who first reported this.) Although – at least in aging humans – there is much less oxygen in the blood, something causes albumin in older blood to be more oxidized. The other striking feature of older blood also initially seems paradoxical: the red blood cells are younger. That means: in an old individual, the red blood cells are more fragile – possibly because they are damaged faster by oxidation – and are replaced earlier; therefore, on average, they are many weeks younger than the cells of a healthy young individual. None of these properties is paradoxical. Poor oxygen supply is a stress and leads to the waste of glucose and the compensatory mobilization of fat from stores, and the relatively reducing environment in the cytoplasm leads to the mobilization of iron from stores – in the toxic reduced (ferrous) form. Products of the peroxidative interaction of iron with unsaturated fats are detectable in the blood (and other tissues) during stress, especially in older animals." Generative Energy Restoring The Wholeness Of Life |
Calcium and Iron Deposits in Mitochondria and Diseases"Calcium and iron tend to be deposited together, and mitochondria are usually the starting points for these deposits. Iron overload is associated with heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and many other degenerative diseases, including brain disorders." February 2001 |
The Role of Iron and Calcium Accumulation in Aging and Stress"Both iron and calcium tend to accumulate with aging or under stress, and both promote excitation-related damage; bicarbonate helps keep iron in its inactive state and presumably has a similar effect against a broad range of excitatory substances." December 1999 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Connection Between Iron Fortification and Leukemia as Well as Immune Deficiency"Maria de Sousa's work on thymus-derived cells and their relationship to the body's iron metabolism has drawn attention to the possibility that iron-fortified flour and other foods could contribute to the incidence of leukemia and other cancers – as well as to immune deficiency caused by a misdistribution of lymphocytes." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Iron's Immunosuppressive Effects and Its Role in Blood Transfusions"Iron can have rapid and lethal immunosuppressive effects, although it has long been suspected that increased iron load is a factor in the immunosuppressive effect of blood transfusions." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Iron's Toxicity in Destroying Vitamins in Animal Feed"My interest in iron toxicity was sparked by the published discovery that iron, when added to animal feed, destroys the vitamin E that is also added. Later it was found that it destroys other vitamins as well." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The Interaction of Iron with Vitamin C and Lipid Peroxidation"The interaction of iron with vitamin C (and other reducing agents) and unsaturated fats, which leads to lipid peroxidation, was the dominant topic in research on the toxic effects of iron." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Current Studies on Reperfusion Injuries and Aging Factors"Reperfusion injuries, any stress that causes oxygen deprivation and an excessively reduced (electron-rich) cellular state, the significance of lipid peroxidation and iron in aging, as well as the role of iron in damaging steroid synthesis in steroid-producing tissues, have recently been important research areas." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Calcium and iron deposits in damaged tissue: a mystery"Early in the century, it was noted that calcium and iron tend to be deposited together in damaged tissue, but the exact reason for this connection is still unknown. I think the role of iron in the age pigment lipofuscin is an important part of the mechanism." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Factors contributing to premature tissue aging and pigmentation"The other factors – besides iron overload and oxygen deficiency – that cause premature accumulation of age pigment in tissue are a diet low in vitamin E and/or high in unsaturated fats, as well as an excess of estrogen." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The influence of oxidative cellular stress on iron retention"Various studies* show that oxidative cellular stress promotes iron retention, which would be logical since iron is essential for cellular respiration; and cells struggling to breathe would likely use developed mechanisms to retain the iron needed to form new respiratory enzymes." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Iron metabolism in pregnant women and cancer incidence"Although pregnant women absorb iron from food very efficiently, they tend to give their stored iron to the baby. This could explain the greater longevity associated with having more children – and especially the lower cancer rate in women of childbearing age." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Low iron content in milk as an adaptation feature"Milk is remarkably low in iron, and it seems obvious that this is an adaptation feature that allows the child to grow into the large iron reserve stored in its tissues at birth." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The role of iron and age pigment as emergency energy sources"I think part of the excess iron accumulates in the form of age pigment, and this material serves to keep glycolysis running as an emergency energy source." June 1994 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Dietary supplementation in the treatment of degenerative diseases"In degenerative diseases, the accumulation of iron and other materials toxic to mitochondria caused by stress and aging (e.g., calcium, aluminum, and products of lipid peroxidation including age pigment), as well as the failure of detoxification systems, make therapy with ordinary dietary supplements quite ineffective. Direct supplementation of various natural protective substances (or their analogs) in addition to protective vitamins (especially E) and minerals (especially magnesium) is more appropriate." August–September 1992 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Aging process: heavy metals, fats, and copper loss“The accumulation of iron and other heavy metals as well as unsaturated fats and the progressive loss of copper under the stress of darkness are probably the central events in the aging process.” February–March 1991 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter (1) |
Low oxygen concentration activates iron for peroxidation“It is a low oxygen concentration that activates iron in peroxidation.” October 1990 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The importance of copper for mitochondrial respiration and aging“Copper is an essential component of cytochrome oxidase, which occupies the crucial final position in the mitochondrial respiratory system. Copper is also a component of the cytoplasmic SOD enzyme, which decreases with age. Ceruloplasmin, an important copper-containing protein, helps keep iron in its safe oxidized form. Copper is involved in the production of melanin (itself an antioxidant) and elastin. The loss of melanin, elastin, and respiratory capacity, so typical of senescence, is also caused by excessive cortisol exposure.” October 1990 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Copper loss associated with aging and lipofuscin formation“The replacement of copper by iron (and the loss of copper-dependent enzymes that protect against iron-catalyzed free radicals) probably explains the increasing formation of lipofuscin with aging.” October 1990 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Factors in traditional treatment of immune deficiency“Some of the factors I have paid attention to when working with common (i.e., complex, traditional) immune deficiency – namely a deficiency of anti-glucocorticoid hormones, a dietary excess of iron and unsaturated fats, a nutrient deficiency of vitamin A, folic acid, copper, and protein, exposure to pediculocides and other chlorinated hydrocarbons including dioxins, etc. –” November 1989 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Studying the iron/copper balance in AIDS immunity research“The close relationship between immunity and the balance of iron and copper suggests that the iron/copper ratio should be studied in AIDS.” June 1988 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Iron’s immunosuppressive effect is overlooked due to cultural beliefs“Although the suppressive effect of iron on the immune system is well known, it is generally ignored – probably because of our society’s obsessive belief that iron is good for you.” June 1988 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Ray Peat on Iron
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