Effects of Hypothyroidism on Muscle Fatigue and Metabolites“When metabolic energy production fails, as in hypothyroidism, muscles fatigue easily, absorb excess water, and the barrier structure loosens, allowing macromolecules, ATP, and other metabolites to leak out while foreign substances enter. Typical muscle enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase appear in the bloodstream in typical hypothyroid myopathy, and heart proteins – including a specific form of lactate dehydrogenase and a muscle protein, troponin – appear in the blood after heart strain or fatigue, combined with hypothyroidism or systemic inflammation.” September 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Aerobic Glycolysis and Lactic Acid in Cancer Metabolism“Aerobic glycolysis – the cancer-typical metabolism where lactic acid is produced from glucose despite the presence of oxygen – is promoted by serotonin.” September 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The Role of Lipofuscin in Plaque Inflammation and Calcification“The aging pigment ceroid or lipofuscin, mostly derived from PUFA and associated with foam macrophage cells in the plaque, accumulates iron (Lee, et al, 1998) and causes local hypoxia by catalyzing oxidation, leading to lactic acid formation and contributing to an inflammatory process. The products of lipid peroxidation, such as azelaic acid (Riad, et al., 2018), together with lactate, lead to tissue calcification.” September 2018 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Hypoxia, Edema, and Hypoglycemia with Increased Lactic Acid in the Blood“Increased lactic acid in the blood is a sign of tissue hypoxia. Edema, hypoglycemia, and lactic acidosis can also result from other respiratory defects, including hypothyroidism, where the tissue does not use enough oxygen; the skin appears bluer (in thin areas, such as around the eyes) when hypoxia – rather than just low oxygen consumption – is involved.” Nutrition For Women |
The Tissue Response to Irritation and Oxygen Use“A response to irritation is the production of more energy, with a proportional increase in oxygen and sugar consumption by the irritated tissue; this produces more carbon dioxide, which dilates the blood vessels in the area and supplies more sugar and oxygen. When the irritation becomes destructive, efficiency is lost: oxygen is either wasted, causing a bluish discoloration of the tissue (assuming circulation continues; blueness can also indicate poor blood flow), or it is not consumed, causing redness of the tissue. Since more sugar is consumed to compensate, lactic acid also dilates the blood vessels.” Nutrition For Women |
Systemic Effects of Inflammation and Fatigue on Blood Sugar and Energy Efficiency"Severe inflammation or deep exhaustion, however, lowers blood sugar throughout the body and delivers large amounts of lactic acid to the liver. The liver produces glucose from lactic acid – but at the cost of about six times more energy than is gained from inefficient metabolism – so this tissue becomes 90 times less efficient at the organism level than in its original state. Additionally, inactive destruction of energy molecules (ATP or creatine phosphate) further increases the waste." Nutrition For Women |
Adrenal response to inflammation and stress"When the body perceives inflammation or other stress (possibly by sensing changes in blood sugar, lactic acid, or carbon dioxide, or all together), the adrenal glands release anti-stress hormones, including adrenaline and cortisone (provided these glands are not exhausted or undernourished). Both adrenaline and cortisone can raise blood sugar to meet the increased demand." Nutrition For Women |
Vitamin B2 deficiency and its effects on lactic acid"Sugar wastage that leads to lactic acid formation can result from a vitamin B2 deficiency, and lactic acid appears to stimulate new blood vessel formation." Nutrition For Women |
Lactate as a trigger of the stress response"Lactate is a sufficient stimulus to trigger the stress response." Nutrition For Women |
The effect of thyroid and progesterone on protein synthesis and lactate oxidation"The relevant effects of the thyroid (especially together with progesterone to promote tissue response to thyroid and block cortisone production) are, however, the stimulation of protein synthesis and the prevention of lactate formation – or the promotion of its oxidation, either by the tumor itself or by other tissues, to prevent it from entering the Cori cycle for gluconeogenesis." Nutrition For Women |
Lactic acid as a signal for glucose production during exertion"The formation of lactic acid (getting out of breath) is the most important signal that new glucose needs to be produced. That is why aerobic exercise is the most stressful." Nutrition For Women |
The effect of higher body temperature on reducing inflammation"The higher oxygen consumption rate that occurs at higher body temperature corresponds to high carbon dioxide production and inhibition of lactate formation – maintaining a more oxidized balance that reduces inflammation." November 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Oxygen supply and activation of glycolysis in working muscles"At low altitude, when the oxygen consumption of a tissue exceeds the blood's ability to deliver oxygen – as in a heavily working muscle – the tissue activates the process of glycolysis and converts glucose into lactic acid to gain additional energy." May 2020 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Metabolic Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Altitude Sickness“By neglecting the role of carbon dioxide in suppressing lactic acid formation, they also overlook all its other essential metabolic effects – including its role as the factor whose absence leads to altitude sickness syndromes.” May 2020 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Connection Between Chronic Metabolic Hyperventilation and Degenerative Diseases“By ignoring that 30 years of slightly elevated lactate could lead to cancer or other degenerative diseases, those who taught physiological chemistry also showed little interest in the idea of chronic metabolic hyperventilation – that is, losing a bit too much CO₂ even at sea level.” May 2020 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Chronic Stress and Its Effects on Inflammation and Energy“In a state of chronic stress, oxidative energy production is low, and inflammatory mediators are likely chronically elevated; typically, there is a persistently increased lactate production and/or reduced oxidation of it.” May 2020 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Effects of Lactate on Oxygen Diffusion and Hypoxia“Lactate increases capillary permeability and fluid loss and reduces oxygen’s ability to diffuse from the alveoli into erythrocytes. Since carbon dioxide diffuses many times faster than oxygen, this diffusion barrier leads to low CO₂ levels in the blood simultaneously with hypoxia. Even at sea level, an increase in lactate immediately raises the lung’s diffusion barrier.” May 2020 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The Role of Lactate in Regulating Cellular Excitability“The presence of lactate corresponds in cells to a certain degree of reductive excess, and the level of reduction regulates calcium channels, thereby controlling the excitatory effects of intracellular calcium.” May 2020 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Stress and Lactate: Effects on Inflammation and Exosomes“Reduction by stress and/or lactate activates the channels, tightens the smooth vascular muscle, and triggers a wide range of other cellular activities, including inflammation and exosome secretion.” May 2020 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Antiexcitotoxic Substances and the Importance of the CO₂/Lactate Ratio“Antiexcitotoxic substances include progesterone, memantine, minocycline, and agmatine. A high ratio of CO₂ to lactate, which lowers the intracellular pH, is important to prevent excessive excitability. Thyroid hormone – besides directly increasing energy and the CO₂/lactate ratio – tends to raise brain temperature and increases the ratio of progesterone to estrogen.” May 2018 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
Oxidative metabolism to maintain protective factors after pregnancy"In childhood and adulthood, a strong oxidative metabolism can maintain some of the essential protective factors of pregnancy, including adequate amounts of glucose and carbon dioxide, good temperature regulation, and avoiding excessive formation of superoxide and lactate. Under these conditions, cytokines can contribute to adaptation and ongoing development." March 2021 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
The lactate paradox in altitude physiology"For several decades, altitude physiologists have been puzzled by the so-called lactate paradox: the fact that physical exertion at high altitude—with less oxygen—causes a smaller increase in blood lactic acid than at sea level, allowing faster recovery. It is assumed that oxidative metabolism prevents lactic acid formation—the lower oxygen availability at high altitude should actually lead to higher lactate levels and slower recovery." March 2020 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
Cellular energy production and inflammation"Impaired energy production is fundamental to inflammation. When cellular stimulation increases faster than oxygen can be supplied, there is a shift toward glycolytic energy production, converting glucose and amino acids into lactic acid." March 2019 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
Silicon dioxide, estrogen, and lactic acid formation"Small particles of silicon dioxide or other inorganic or organic material (such as plastics) can—in a manner similar to radiation, oxygen deficiency, sepsis, or estrogen—increase lactic acid production, and this lactate promotes various features of inflammation, including edema, collagen synthesis, as well as cell growth and movement." March 2019 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
Intensity of lipolysis and disruption of restful sleep"The intensity of lipolysis at night decreases during the most restful deep sleep, but the free fatty acids themselves tend to increase lactate by blocking the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and dampen glucose metabolism. This creates an inflammatory and excitatory state that impairs deep sleep." March 2018 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
Nitric oxide causes a metabolic shift to glycolysis"Nitric oxide causes a metabolic shift to glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen, wastefully producing lactate from glucose." March 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Stress-induced metabolic shift and formation of reactive toxins"When stress shifts metabolism toward reduction and lactic acid is produced, iron atoms cyclically react with oxygen and reducing agents, generating hydroxyl radicals and other highly reactive toxins." March 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Stress buffers: substances that help keep metabolism on track"Several of these substances inhibit the release of free fatty acids and the formation of prostaglandins and reduce nitric oxide, lactate production, inflammation, excitation, and cholinergic tone. What they all have in common is supporting a shift away from a strongly reduced state toward an oxidized, energized balance." March 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Ideology distorts the understanding of stress physiology"The ideology surrounding stress physiology, which distorts the importance of serotonin, estrogen, unsaturated fats, sugar, lactate, carbon dioxide, and various other biological molecules, has hidden the simple means against most inflammatory and degenerative diseases." July 2019 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Connection between hypothyroidism, chronic stress, and metabolic problems"In hypothyroidism, oxidative metabolism is reduced; the organism is therefore constantly close to stress and hyperventilation, with chronic production of lactate and ammonia. The inefficient metabolism in diabetes has similar effects." July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Various substances increase breathing and lower important CO₂"In addition to ammonia and lactate, other stress-related substances can also increase respiratory drive and thereby reduce essential CO₂ – for example endotoxin, acetylcholine, serotonin, hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, angiotensin, and estrogen." July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Hypothyroidism, Stress, and Related Physiological Complications"People with hypothyroidism, who produce little CO₂, are very susceptible to stress-induced hyperventilation and are often in a state of physiological hyperventilation. They are prone to overproduction of ammonia (De Nardo, et al., 1999; Marti, et al., 1988) and lactate (Zarzeczny, et al., 1996) as well as psychoses, especially depression and mania." July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Effects of glucose deficiency on cellular metabolism"Glucose deficiency causes glutamine to be used as fuel, which produces more ammonia. Ammonia, in turn (through an excitatory effect on cells and direct activation of enzymes), promotes the glycolytic use of glucose, so that even in the presence of oxygen, lactic acid is produced and the glucose deficiency is further maintained." July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Stress-related changes in breathing and their consequences"Stress changes our breathing and causes a vicious cycle: the lactate and ammonia produced when stimulation exceeds our oxidative capacity promote stronger breathing. This causes more carbon dioxide to be lost, oxidative efficiency to decrease, and the formation of ammonia and lactate to increase further." July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Importance of monitoring ammonia and lactate levels"Because of their role in the development and maintenance of pseudohypoxia and the promotion of hyperventilation, more attention should be paid to measuring ammonia and lactate in blood, breath, and urine." July 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The bridging function of lactate between metabolism and stress response"The reduced state leads to increased lactate production, which generates enough energy to keep the cell alive. At the same time, lactate contributes to the stress-induced redox shift in the cell that produces it, as well as in the surrounding cells." July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The metabolic response to a cellular crisis: a matter of survival"When cells are dangerously overstimulated, oxygen and glucose are depleted. In oxygen deficiency or when the ability to use oxygen is blocked, glucose is converted into lactate; and when glucose is exhausted, glutamine is converted into lactate." July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The influence of lactate in a reduced cellular state and the inhibition of glucose oxidation"With limited oxygen supply but an unlimited supply of lactate, the cell's metabolic reactions shift into a reduced, electron-rich state. This state inhibits glucose oxidation by blocking the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, thereby supporting lactate formation. These are internal processes of stressed cells that can be interrupted when the organism provides corrective factors to restore oxidation." July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Lactate in cancer: disruptor or energy donor?"When cancer metabolism increases the amount of lactate in the blood, increased breathing lowers carbon dioxide in the blood (Gargaglioni, et al., 2003), and the loss of CO₂ affects metabolism and physiology at all levels." July 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Reductive stress and its self-reinforcing biochemical cycles"The reduced state caused by hunger or hypoglycemia, by an excess of lactate or fat, or by oxygen deficiency activates the release of glutamate, and the excitation generated thereby can shut down mitochondrial oxidation and thus amplify the state of pseudohypoxia. The synthesis of nitric oxide, which is activated by reductive stress, is an important factor in suppressing mitochondrial oxidation." January 2017 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Lactic acid in the brain: more than just a waste product“While lactic acid and a more reductive balance in cells activate the excitatory glutamatergic system, an increased concentration of carbon dioxide inhibits this system.” January 2017 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Energy as a pivot: metabolic reactions to lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate“Using lactate or beta-hydroxybutyrate as metabolic fuel shifts the balance in a reductive direction – similar to the effect of ethanol metabolism.” January 2017 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Recognizing reductive stress through metabolic ratios“With aging and during stress, animal metabolism shifts toward reduction, with a higher ratio of lactate to pyruvate, NADH to NAD, ascorbate to dehydroascorbate, etc. – a state of reductive stress.” January 2016 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Reconsidering the Warburg effect: glycolysis and cancer metabolism“In extreme cases, the reductive energy from aerobic glycolysis can be consumed by fatty acid synthesis, allowing glycolysis to continue. This can lead to cancer cells oxidizing fatty acids for energy while converting glucose into fats and lactic acid.” January 2016 - Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Intense training impairs metabolism through the effects of lactic acid“Intense training damages cells in a way that increasingly impairs metabolism over time. There is clear evidence that glycolysis, which produces lactic acid from glucose, has toxic effects, suppresses respiration, and kills cells. Within five minutes, physical exertion lowers the activity of enzymes that oxidize glucose. Diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and general aging are associated with increased lactic acid production and accumulated metabolic (mitochondrial) damage.” July 2000 |
Adaptation effects on lactic acid formation and muscle performance“Adaptation to hypoxia or increased carbon dioxide limits lactic acid formation. Muscles are 50% more efficient in the adapted state; glucose, which produces more carbon dioxide than fat during oxidation, is metabolized more efficiently than fats and requires less oxygen.” July 2000 |
Thyroid hormone and fatty acids in the activation of respiratory enzymes“Thyroid hormone, palmitic acid, and light activate a crucial respiratory enzyme and thereby suppress the formation of lactic acid. Palmitic acid is found in coconut oil and is also naturally produced in animal tissues. Unsaturated oils have the opposite effect.” July 2000 |
Treatment of lactic acid excess by inhibition of glycolysis"Heart failure, shock, and other problems in which excess lactic acid plays a role can be successfully treated by inhibiting glycolysis with dichloroacetic acid. This reduces lactic acid production, increases glucose oxidation, and raises cellular ATP concentration. Thyroid hormone, vitamin B1, biotin, etc., have similar effects." July 2000 |
The special role of palmitic acid in glycolysis and lactate production"While most fatty acids inhibit glucose oxidation without immediately inhibiting glycolysis, palmitic acid is unusual: it inhibits glycolysis and lactate production without affecting oxidation. I suspect this is mainly related to its important role in cardiolipin and cytochrome oxidase." July 2000 |
Physical exertion increases circulating free fatty acids and lactate"Physical exertion increases – like aging, obesity, and diabetes – the levels of circulating free fatty acids and lactate. However, ordinary activity in a holistic, integrated sense activates the systems in an orderly manner and increases carbon dioxide and blood flow." July 2000 |
Carbon dioxide and lactate dynamics in cellular processes"While the flow of carbon dioxide from the mitochondrion into the cytoplasm and beyond tends to remove calcium from the mitochondrion and the cell, the flow of lactate and other organic ions into the mitochondrion can lead to an accumulation of calcium in the mitochondrion – under conditions where carbon dioxide synthesis and consequently urea synthesis are reduced and other synthesis processes are altered." July 2000 |
Glycolysis, pyruvate, and mitochondrial function in cells"Glycolysis produces both pyruvate and lactate, and an excess of pyruvate has almost the same inhibitory effect as lactate. Since the Crabtree effect involves not only calcium but also nitric oxide and fatty acids, I consider it sensible to look for the simplest kind of explanation rather than experimentally tracking all possible interactions of these substances: a simple physical competition between the products of glycolysis and carbon dioxide for binding sites – for example on lysine – which in the mitochondrion would be equivalent to a phase change." July 2000 |
The involvement of lactic acid in mitochondrial degradation"With a relative lack of carbon dioxide or an excess of alternative dissolved substances and adsorbents such as lactic acid, the stability of the mitochondrial phase would decrease, and the mitochondria would degrade both in their structure and function. As a flip side to the idea that carbon dioxide stabilizes and activates mitochondria, the assumption that lactic acid is involved in mitochondrial degradation can also be experimentally tested – and it is already supported by a considerable amount of indirect evidence." July 2000 |
The Crabtree Effect and the Reduction of Cellular Energy"Contrary to the logical Pasteur effect, the Crabtree effect tends to reduce cellular energy and adaptability. When looking at many situations where increased glucose intake raises lactic acid production and suppresses respiration, leading to a maladaptive decrease in cellular energy, I have begun to view lactic acid as a toxin." July 2000 |
High Carbon Dioxide Levels Prevent Toxic Lactic Acid Formation"When the carbon dioxide baseline is high, blood flow and oxygen supply tend to prevent anaerobic glycolysis, which produces toxic lactic acid. This means a certain activity level can be harmful or helpful – depending on how much carbon dioxide is produced at rest." July 2000 |
The Influence of Light on Glucose Oxidation and Respiratory Efficiency"Light promotes the oxidation of glucose and is known to activate the key respiratory enzyme. Winter ailments (including lethargy and weight gain) and nighttime stress must be included in the concept of a respiratory defect: a shift toward anti-respiratory lactic acid production that damages mitochondria." July 2000 |
Non-toxic Therapies for Treating Lactic Acidosis"Therapeutically, even strong toxins that block glycolytic enzymes can improve functions in a variety of organic disorders associated with excessive lactic acid production (or caused by it). Unfortunately, the toxin that has become the standard treatment for lactic acidosis – dichloroacetic acid – is carcinogenic and eventually leads to liver damage and acidosis. However, several non-toxic therapies can achieve the same effect: for example, palmitate (formed from sugar under the influence of thyroid hormone and found in coconut oil), vitamin B1, biotin, lipoic acid, carbon dioxide, thyroid hormone, naloxone, acetazolamide." July 2000 |
Hypothyroidism, Hyperventilation, and a Vicious Cycle of Energy Loss"Hypothyroidism suppresses respiration as an energy source, so little carbon dioxide is produced and lactic acid forms, even when no noticeable stress is present. This already resembles hyperventilation, since the loss of carbon dioxide is the defining feature of hyperventilation. However, abnormally high adrenergic activity and free fatty acids promote further hyperventilation and worsen the carbon dioxide loss. Falling carbon dioxide impairs respiration even more, leading to increased lactic acid production, which in turn raises adrenergic activity – and so on, in a vicious cycle." January 2000 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The limiting effect of carbon dioxide on nerve and muscle overexcitation"Carbon dioxide limits the electrical depolarization of nerves and muscles, a phenomenon first discovered by Gilbert Ling. This prevents overexcitation and exhaustion of brain and muscle cells, including the heart. The presence of carbon dioxide limits lactic acid formation. This explains the lactate paradox during physical exertion at high altitude." December 1999 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Alzheimer’s disease: brain respiratory metabolism and CO₂ deficiency"In Alzheimer’s disease, the brain’s respiratory metabolism is inhibited, resulting in a carbon dioxide deficiency along with an excess of lactic acid and ammonia." December 1999 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Lactic acid, CO₂, and the connection to degenerative brain diseases"If excess lactic acid in brain tissue is characteristic of Alzheimer’s and multiple sclerosis, then the lactate paradox suggests that a slightly higher retention of carbon dioxide in the brains of Kashmir residents would mitigate chronic excitotoxic effects by suppressing the stress metabolism that leads to degenerative brain diseases." December 1999 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Contribution of hypothyroidism to the development of glaucoma"That hypothyroidism—by partially replacing carbon dioxide with lactic acid—could contribute to the development of glaucoma by increasing the viscosity of the aqueous humor." 1998 - Ray Peat's Newsletter - 3 |
Muscle swelling during hypoxic stress associated with lactic acid"Muscle swelling during hypoxic stress likely represents the fundamental process by which lactic acid and pH increase while CO₂ is lost." 1998 - Ray Peat's Newsletter - 3 |
Alkaline state of cells producing lactic acid"While it is true that the entry of lactic acid into the blood tends to cause metabolic acidosis, the cell producing the lactic acid is actually more alkaline than normal cells. The simplest way to see it is this: when acid leaves the muscle, it becomes less acidic." 1998 - Ray Peats Newsletter - 2 |
Misconceptions about lactic acid and cellular pH"Although the chemical formula for the formation of lactic acid directly shows that acid is consumed in the process, and direct measurements confirm that cells become more alkaline when they produce lactate, the average biochemist or physiologist is likely to believe the opposite." 1998 - Ray Peats Newsletter - 2 |
The alkalizing effect of lactic acid formation in cells“When I discussed the alkalizing effect of lactic acid formation in cells in my 1972 dissertation, it was not a subject of scientific controversy, and since then newer measurement techniques have made the situation even clearer. Yet even today, conclusions about muscle fatigue, cancer, radiation damage, etc., are almost always largely based on the false assumption about lactic acid and cellular pH.” 1998 - Ray Peats Newsletter - 2 |
pH Increase in Muscles Producing Lactic Acid“During intense contraction, especially when oxygen and carbon dioxide are limited, muscles produce lactic acid, and the specific reaction that produces lactic acid causes protons to be consumed – that is, it raises the pH.” 1998 - Ray Peats Newsletter - 2 |
Altitude and Lactic Acid Metabolism in Stress and Cancer“Under all examined conditions, the lactic acid metabolism characteristic of stress and cancer is suppressed at high altitude because respiration becomes more efficient. The Haldane effect shows that carbon dioxide retention increases at high altitude.” 1998 - Ray Peats Newsletter - 2 |
The Haldane Effect and the Lactate Paradox“The Haldane effect refers to the fact that hemoglobin releases oxygen in the presence of carbon dioxide and releases carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. It is the increased retention of carbon dioxide that explains the lactate paradox.” 1998 - Ray Peats Newsletter - 2 |
Cellular Charge, Energy Supply, and Restoration of Function“If a state of excitation lasts long enough for the cell to produce an excess of lactic acid and thus become electrically more charged, nearby blood vessels and nerves tend to grow into the area and restore normal energy supply as well as integrated functioning.” 1998 - Ray Peats Newsletter - 2 |
Cell Damage, Repair, and Adaptive Reactions in the Organism“When a cell has been damaged (for example by radiation or toxins), its inefficiency creates a small, locally limited distortion in the fields that – as far as the organism’s resources allow – stimulates repair processes or removal and replacement. When stress is so great that the entire organism is exposed to lactic acid, the organism’s adaptive resources are challenged, and potentially harmful reactions are triggered. For example, a sluggish liver during stress can cause the lactate concentration in the blood to rise, which can lead to the release of endorphins and pituitary hormones (Elias, et al., 1997). Endorphins can increase histamine release, and growth hormone increases free fatty acids; increased permeability of blood vessels can cause proteins and fats to leave the bloodstream, with cumulative harmful effects.” 1998 - Ray Peats Newsletter - 2 |
Sodium and Carbon Dioxide Loss During Stress"Sodium and carbon dioxide are crucial to maintaining normal fields, and these substances interact in a way that causes both to be lost during stress. In hypothyroidism, sodium is lost permanently because carbon dioxide is chronically replaced by lactic acid. Both sodium (Veech, et al.; Garrahan and Glynn) and carbon dioxide—by stimulating the Krebs cycle and keeping respiratory enzymes active—help maintain normal ATP levels and protect against stress and shock." 1998 - Ray Peats Newsletter - 2 |
Lactic acid as an indicator of respiratory insufficiency"In general, lactic acid in the blood can be seen as a sign of poor respiration, since the breakdown of glucose to lactic acid increases to compensate for insufficient oxidative energy production. Normal aging seems to involve a tendency toward excessive lactic acid production, and it is known that age pigment activates this process." 1997 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
Elimination of respiratory toxins to reduce lactic acid formation"Eliminating respiratory toxins (such as unsaturated oils, estrogens and antithyroid substances, lead, and excess iron) is the most obvious first step when excessive lactic acid formation occurs." 1997 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
Carbon dioxide supplementation reduces remaining lactate production"Carbon dioxide supplements have been experimentally shown to be effective in reducing the remaining lactate production." 1997 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
The influence of altitude on lactate accumulation during physical exertion"It has been found that during intense physical exertion (which always leads to a buildup of lactic acid in the blood), there is a lower peak accumulation of lactate at high altitude, and this seems to be caused by a reduction in the glycolysis rate or glucose consumption." 1997 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
Misconception about muscle soreness and lactic acid"For more than a century, most physiologists have explained muscle soreness as caused by lactic acid, while mostly ignoring the severe swelling of muscles resulting from intense exertion." April 1994 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
The essential role of the thyroid in protein synthesis and energy"Thyroid function is essential for all cellular processes, including protein uptake and synthesis, growth hormone formation, etc. Without thyroid hormone to maintain respiration, inefficient glycolysis wastes energy; unoxidized lactate promotes the breakdown of liver protein. Hypoglycemia stimulates the release of glucocorticoids, which maintain blood sugar at the expense of rapid protein breakdown." November 1989 - Ray Peats Newsletter |
Ray Peat on Lactic Acid
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