The role of inflammation in chronic diseases"Inflammation is increasingly seen as inherent in the disease process itself in a growing number of chronic and degenerative diseases – for example, in dementia, psychoses, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and cancer." September 2019 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Effects of hypothyroidism on muscle fatigue and metabolites"When metabolic energy fails, as in hypothyroidism, muscles fatigue easily and absorb excess water, and the barrier structure loosens, allowing macromolecules, ATP, and other metabolites to leak out while foreign substances enter. Typical muscle enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase appear in the bloodstream in typical hypothyroid myopathy, and heart proteins, including a specific form of lactate dehydrogenase and a muscle protein, troponin, appear in the blood after heart stress or fatigue combined with hypothyroidism or systemic inflammation." September 2019 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The costly adaptations of serotonin production"Stress of various kinds increases the production of serotonin and various pituitary hormones and leads to adaptive changes in the organism, but at the cost of inflammation and degeneration. Studies on several pituitary hormones have shown age-accelerating effects that lead to edema, inflammation, fibrosis, and reduced life expectancy. W. D. Denckla's experiments, which demonstrate the strong life-extending effect of removing the pituitary gland while supplementing thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones, suggest possibilities in finding ways to prevent overproduction of serotonin and the associated hormones and cytokines." September 2019 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The stiffness of cells and degenerative changes without direct relation to cholesterol"The actual physical stiffness of whole cells and their surroundings is very important. For example, excitotoxicity (Fang et al., 2014) and other forms of energy deficiency can stiffen cells, and persistent energy deficiency as well as inflammation lead to degenerative changes – such as tissue calcification, fibrosis, and invasive, disordered cell movement. These stress-induced stiffenings of the cell substance and matrix have nothing directly to do with the local cholesterol amount." September 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The role of lipofuscin in plaque inflammation and calcification"The age pigment ceroid or lipofuscin, which largely originates from PUFA and is associated with macrophage foam cells in the plaque, accumulates iron (Lee et al., 1998) and generates local hypoxia through the catalysis of oxidation, leading to the production of lactic acid and contributing to an inflammatory process. The products of lipid peroxidation, such as azelaic acid (Riad et al., 2018), together with lactate, lead to tissue calcification." September 2018 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The role of parathyroid hormone and its effects in aging"Phosphate, which predominates in grains, beans, nuts, meat, and fish, increases our production of parathyroid hormone, while calcium and magnesium inhibit its production. This hormone, which increases with age, suppresses immunity, and in excess causes insomnia, seizures, dementia, psychosis, cancer, heart disease, shortness of breath and pulmonary hypertension, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, histamine release, inflammation, and soft tissue calcification, as well as many other problems." September 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The role of nutrient-rich foods in normal development and stress"Any food that provides simple nutrients without causing inflammation or blocking enzymes supports the normal development of the animal without activating stress responses." September 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The reduction of parathyroid hormone in relation to obesity and associated problems"The reduction of parathyroid hormone through more calcium and vitamin D is closely linked to decreased obesity and the health problems associated with obesity – high blood pressure, insulin resistance, heart arrhythmias, depression, and various inflammatory diseases." September 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Systemic effects of inflammation and exhaustion on blood sugar and energy efficiency"But severe inflammation or profound exhaustion lowers blood sugar systemically and delivers large amounts of lactic acid to the liver. The liver synthesizes glucose from lactic acid, but at the cost of about six times more energy than is gained from the inefficient metabolism – so this tissue becomes 90 times less efficient at the organism level than in its original state. Additionally, inactive destruction of energy molecules (ATP or creatine phosphate) further increases waste." Nutrition For Women |
Adrenal response to inflammation and stress hormones"When the organism detects inflammation or other stress (possibly by sensing changes in blood sugar, lactic acid, or carbon dioxide – or all of them), its adrenal glands release anti-stress hormones, including adrenaline and cortisone (provided these glands are not exhausted or starved). Both adrenaline and cortisone can raise blood sugar to meet the increased demand." Nutrition For Women |
Selye's classification of steroids: anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory"Selye divides steroids into anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory. Inflammation is a relatively nonspecific and hopefully local reaction that serves to isolate the problem if it is a toxin or infection. Cortisol is a typical anti-inflammatory hormone;" Nutrition For Women |
Immune system failure as a key feature of cancer"Cancer patients are typically not even able to produce a normal inflammation, as if they were heavily dosed with anti-stress hormones of the cortisone type. The failure of the immune system, which normally can eliminate emerging cancer cells, seems to be a key feature of cancer." Nutrition For Women |
Copper’s oxidative effect on vitamin C and diseases"Copper is a specific oxidizing agent for vitamin C. It is associated with many inflammatory diseases and should probably be better studied in degenerative diseases, including arthritis and glaucoma." Nutrition For Women |
The role of ATP in healing and growth in animals"Sensory nerves can release ATP into the surrounding tissue, and this seems to be part of their trophic influence on healing and inflammation. A.E. Needham (Growth Process of Animals) discussed the possibility that it is a vitamin: When added to the diet of animals, it increases their growth. This must have some significance for our nutrition, as fresh foods contain abundant ATP." Nutrition For Women |
Controversy over temperature in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism"The rejection of Broda Barnes’ use of temperature to diagnose hypothyroidism was partly motivated by the belief that a below-average temperature was protective. This deeply rooted belief likely contributed to the official preference for the relatively inactive thyroxine instead of the thermogenically active thyroid, USP, and T3, as well as the lack of interest in the connection between hypothermia and chronic infections, cardiovascular problems, kidney diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, and other issues that increase with age." November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Effect of high body temperature on reducing inflammation"The higher rate of oxygen consumption that occurs at higher body temperature corresponds to a high rate of carbon dioxide production and an inhibition of lactate formation, maintaining a more oxidized balance that reduces inflammation." November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Connection between high metabolic rate and longevity at high altitude"In a study (Alhazmi et al., 2018), T3 was four and a half times higher in people living at high altitude, T4 about three times higher, and TSH (a promoter of inflammation) was reduced by more than 25%. The studies at high altitude show very convincingly that a high metabolic rate is strongly associated with longer life expectancy and better health." November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Cortisol levels and inflammation after menopauseStarting suddenly around the time of menopause, cortisol is higher, probably as compensation for the lost stabilizing effects of progesterone and the increasing inflammatory processes due to lower body temperature. November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Aromatase activity and hormonal effects in menopauseAromatase, the enzyme that produces estrogen, is present in muscles, fat, blood vessels, and many other tissues, and its activity is increased by cortisol and decreased by progesterone. The altered activity of these two steroids during menopause may explain the sudden rise in degenerative diseases, inflammation, depression, etc. November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Effects of menopause on respiratory and circulatory healthRespiratory and circulatory problems increase with menopause, corresponding to a rise in inflammatory cytokines and cortisol as well as a decline in progesterone and thyroid hormone. Both thyroid hormone and progesterone are thermogenic and lower estrogen levels. November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Relationship between energy, body temperature, and agingThings that lower energy and body temperature increase some essential mediators of inflammation, and these changes are closely linked to the processes of aging. November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The adaptive role of inflammation and long-term consequencesInflammation is a type of adaptive response, but it leaves some fibrotic changes and atrophy of functional cells as well as an increased tendency to revert to the inflammatory response. November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Environmental influences on longevity and inflammationIf lifespan is shortened by the accumulation of changes resulting from inflammatory adaptations, then living in different environments that require different types of adaptation will lead to large differences in lifespan. November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Lifestyle choices to slow aging and promote longevityAltitude and a milk-based diet are obviously two important thermogenic factors that slow the accumulation of harmful adaptations, but there are many other modifiable factors that could extend lifespan even more. Reducing pro-inflammatory factors is important, and personal choices can make a big difference, such as choosing easily digestible foods to reduce endotoxin, avoiding polyunsaturated fatty acids that disrupt cellular respiration and form pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, avoiding antioxidant supplements that create a reductive excess, and choosing foods that contain anti-inflammatory, thermogenic compounds like citrus fruits with their high flavonoid content that support cellular respiratory functions. November 2020 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Survival responses of stressed cells and long-term consequences"Part of the basic cellular defense response includes enzymes that process toxins to improve the immediate situation but can create new problems for the organism if they become chronic. For example, stressed tissues produce carbon monoxide and estrogen, which prevent apoptosis and promote autophagy, providing a short-term survival advantage. If cells in the stressed state survive under the influence of CO and estrogen, they produce cytokines that affect the sensitivity of surrounding cells to stress and inflammation, and undergo increasing epigenetic changes, tending to become cells of a different type," November 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The role of heme oxygenase in progressive phenotypic improvement"The actual function of heme oxygenase is to support a progressive improvement of the organism's phenotype, rather than aging, inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer, which today are ultimately the result of its activity. Heme oxygenase and enzymes that produce NO, HCN, and H2S may simply need regulation through the organism's response to an enriched environment." November 2017 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
TNF, interferon, and estrogen in early embryonic development"In the early embryo, where there are no pathogens, TNF and interferon are present and act as regulators of cell development and differentiation (Li et al., 2014). Estrogen participates in the embryonic establishment of dorsoventral polarity (Carroll et al., 2014). In the absence of pathogens, these inflammation signals are morphogens, compounds in the organismic field." November 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Sterile inflammation and field integrity"When the organism is injured, the morphogens of the system are activated; if no foreign organism is responsible for the injury, the reaction is called sterile inflammation. In a healthy young organism, repairs are carried out in a way that restores the integrity of the field," November 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Chronic inflammation and degeneration in organisms with limited resources"When the organism lacks the necessary resources of substance and energy, the distortion of the field persists, possibly worsening the deficiencies and leading to a state of chronic inflammation and degeneration. If there is no injury, the same signals guide the ongoing renewal processes." November 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The respiratory pathway: the central metabolic route to balance"The field, the integrity of the organism, is maintained by an organized respiratory metabolism, and it can be disrupted by mechanical trauma, excessive stimulation, toxins, etc., or by the lack of oxygen, glucose, or substances that specifically neutralize inflammation signals." November 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
The role of estrogen-progesterone polarity in adult tissues"The estrogen-progesterone polarity of pregnancy exists in adult tissues as a polarity of growth and maturation, of inflammation and normalization." November 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Early research on the harmful effects of estrogen"Almost as soon as purified estrogen became available for research in the 1930s, its ability to cause inflammation, cancer, miscarriages, and cramps was recognized," November 2016 - Ray Peat's Newsletter |
Stress and endotoxin: inflammatory reactions and aromatase activation"Endotoxin absorbed from the gut during stress promotes many inflammatory reactions and activates aromatase." November 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Beyond TSH: Hypothyroidism and systemic metabolic disorders"Due to inefficient glucose utilization in hypothyroidism, fatty acids are mobilized from tissue, contributing to stress and inflammation. In autoimmune diseases, free fatty acids are consistently elevated." November 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Vicious cycle of estrogen and inflammation"Free fatty acids promote the effects of estrogen and increase the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins that activate aromatase. Since estrogen increases lipolysis, raises free fatty acids, and favors their conversion into prostaglandins, this stress-triggered process easily becomes a self-sustaining vicious cycle." November 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Reducing inflammation: Beyond drugs to regenerative processes"Less inflammation can allow some regenerative processes to work, but the drugs are not healing. A more biological approach would be to reduce exposure to factors that damage the thymus or overstimulate B cells." November 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Reducing inflammation: Beyond drugs to regenerative processes"Less inflammation can allow some regenerative processes to work, but the drugs are not healing. A more biological approach would be to reduce exposure to factors that damage the thymus or overstimulate B cells." November 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The role of DMSO in metabolic efficiency and anti-inflammation"DMSO apparently introduces a certain hydrophobicity into water due to its strongly hydrogen-bonding oxygen and its methyl groups – at least it seems to reduce the effective activity of water (Berezin, Ugarova, and Silaev, 1973). This could mimic the resting state of the protoplasm to some extent, as it appears to improve metabolic efficiency: reducing inflammation and treating mental retardation are its best-known (apparent) effects." Mind And Tissue Russian Research Perspectives on the Human Brain |
Unresolved Cellular Excitation Signals the Need for Repair"Unresolved excitation causes cells to send signals indicating a need for repair – inflammation signals." May 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The Connection Between Inflammation and Disease Susceptibility"Existing inflammation is linked to altitude sickness and thus to how easily one becomes ill from a coronavirus, as well as to chronic diseases." May 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Treating Coronavirus by Normalizing Cellular Functions"Treating a so-called coronavirus infection should involve reducing cellular excitation and inflammation and normalizing energy production. This also means these treatments will have beneficial effects on cellular aging." May 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Inflammatory States and the Activation of DNA-Based Exosome Systems"The conditions that generate inflammation activate the adaptive exosome system – a retrotransposon system that affects a huge section of our DNA and overlaps with the mechanism of virus production." May 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Inflammation as a Cumulative Result of Damage"Cumulative damage of all kinds contributes to a background of inappropriate excitation and inflammation." May 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Chronic Stress and Its Effects on Inflammation and Energy"In chronic stress, oxidative energy production is low, and inflammatory mediators are likely permanently elevated; typically, lactate production is chronically increased and/or its oxidation is reduced." May 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The Effect of Stress and Lactate on Inflammation and Exosomes"A reduction caused by stress and/or lactate activates channels, constricts the smooth vascular muscle, and triggers a wide range of other cellular activities – including inflammation and exosome release." May 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The Role of Nitric Oxide in Treating Coronavirus and Its Consequences"Nitric oxide is a strong oxidizing agent that can destroy viruses, and it also dilates blood vessels. Doctors have almost unanimously recommended it for treating a coronavirus infection; however, it is associated with inflammation (Weidinger, et al., 2015) and promotes fibrosis – and fibrosis is a secondary condition following a coronavirus disease." May 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The Role of Inflammation in the Severity of a Coronavirus Illness"Even a barely noticeable background of inflammation favors becoming seriously ill from a coronavirus." May 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Serotonin: Beyond the Myth of the Happiness Hormone"The pharmaceutical myth of serotonin as the 'happiness hormone' has led most people – even researchers – to overlook that it enhances inflammation and activates the stress system while simultaneously reducing the efficiency of energy production." May 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Estrogen, serotonin, and manipulation by the pharmaceutical industry"The manipulation of information about estrogen by pharmaceutical companies was even more extreme than their handling of serotonin. Activated by stress – along with serotonin – it is one of the most important activators of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which activates the pituitary and adrenal glands, promotes inflammation, and is a key factor in PPD (Glynn and Sandman, 2014, Hahn-Holbrook, 2016) – as well as in other forms of depression, aging, and Alzheimer’s." May 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Inflammation and fibrosis: harbingers of cancer development"In the tissues of the 'cancer field,' inflammation and fibrosis are processes that precede and accompany carcinogenesis; therefore, all knowledge related to the onset and resolution of inflammation and fibrosis is relevant to understanding and controlling cancer." May 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The role of inflammation in immunity and disease treatment"The doctrine that inflammation is a necessary part of immunity and leads to the destruction of the pathogen influences how diseases are treated." March 2021 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Nutritional and aging factors in chronic inflammation"Poor nutrition, aging, and other stressors weaken our anti-inflammatory defense mechanisms, leading to chronic systemic inflammation." March 2021 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The supposed benefits of traits through natural selection"Biologists usually say that every trait found in an organism is the result of natural selection, and it is assumed that it was once useful at some point in our history. This assumption tends to support the complex stories textbooks tell about the role of inflammation in disease and immunity." March 2021 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The role of energy failure in developmental defects and inflammation"An energy failure, caused by hypoglycemia or by a disruption in oxygen utilization, stops the formative developmental processes, and the constructive effects of cytokines can become destructive and cause inflammation – which likely explains a large part of birth defects." March 2021 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The connection between chronic inflammation, aging, and degeneration"Prolonged exposure to environmental conditions far from the ideal conditions of a healthy pregnancy leads to a systemic inflammatory state, and this chronic inflammation causes the degenerative processes of aging – with a failure of tissue repair processes." March 2021 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Heat and insulin in the prevention of inflammation"It is the oxidation of glucose (which produces carbon dioxide), favored by heat and the right amount of insulin, that can prevent inflammation." March 2021 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The ubiquitous role of inflammation in degeneration"Inflammation is involved in chronic degenerative conditions, especially atrophy and cancer, and even depression." March 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Cellular energy production and inflammation"A disruption of energy production is fundamental to inflammation. When cellular stimulation increases faster than oxygen can be supplied, there is a shift toward glycolytic energy production, with the conversion of glucose and amino acids into lactic acid." March 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Silicon dioxide, estrogen, and the formation of lactic acid"Small particles of silicon dioxide or other inorganic or organic material (such as plastic) can—in the same way as radiation, oxygen deficiency, sepsis, or estrogen—increase the production of lactic acid, and this lactate promotes various features of inflammation, including edema, collagen synthesis, as well as cell growth and movement." March 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Immune system: restoration or inflammation"Our so-called immune system detects unfavorable changes in the structural-energetic system and responds quietly to restore the system: It removes abnormal structures and facilitates the restoration of function. If the organism’s condition is not good, instead of invisible restoration, there is inflammation—a process in which rough, provisional repairs are made so that the damaged tissue does not demand further resources that are unavailable. A scar forms; relatively inert, fibrotic tissue replaces fully functional tissue. This happens progressively with continued exposure to harmful factors and gradually impairs the lungs, heart, blood vessels, gonads, liver, kidneys, brain…" March 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Inflammation, fibrosis, and blockages of energy production"The process of inflammation and fibrosis is triggered in response to anything that blocks adequate energy production. Very different factors can add up or act synergistically and lead to the same states of inflammation and fibrosis." March 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Ionizing radiation, fine dust, and reductive stress from excess estrogen"Ionizing radiation, fine dust, and excess estrogen disrupt the system in different ways, but all generate reductive stress, inflammation, collagen synthesis, and the loss of differentiated cell functions." March 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
ATP release, inflammatory factors, and sleep rhythms“When cells are excited, they release some ATP into their immediate surroundings, where it signals fatigue or injury and activates the formation of inflammatory factors like TNF-alpha, which promote sleep rhythms.” March 2018 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Intensity of lipolysis and disruption of restorative sleep“The intensity of lipolysis at night is reduced during the most restorative deep sleep, but the free fatty acids themselves tend to create an inflammatory and excitatory state that disrupts deep sleep by blocking the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide, increasing lactate, and dampening glucose metabolism.” March 2018 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The role of endotoxin in activating inflammatory processes“Endotoxin, the lipopolysaccharide, has a generally excitatory effect that activates cellular inflammatory processes and damages energy production – mediated by cell products such as nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, serotonin, histamine, prostaglandins, estrogens, and various cytokines (interleukins and tumor necrosis factor, TNF). Some of these substances enter the bloodstream from the gut, others are produced elsewhere in the body; however, some are produced in the brain itself when endotoxin is taken up into the brain.” March 2017 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Testosterone decline and estrogen increase due to stress“Men’s testosterone decreases due to stress and aging, and its conversion to estrogen is increased by stress and inflammation. Endotoxin specifically increases the conversion of testosterone to estrogen.” March 2017 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Evaluating L-DOPA and alternative treatments for Parkinson’s“Despite its toxicity, L-DOPA remains the primary medical treatment for Parkinson’s disease, although the more appropriate medications bromocriptine, amantadine, and memantine are also widely used. Anticholinergics, similar to hyoscyamine and belladonna, which Charcot used, are sometimes employed to control excessive saliva flow. Amantadine and memantine incidentally protect against nitric oxide, serotonin, inflammation, and endotoxin and protect the mitochondria.” March 2017 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Dihydrotestosterone possibly more effective than testosterone“A treatment with dihydrotestosterone (which cannot be converted to estrogen) might be more effective than with regular testosterone, considering the increased activity of aromatase due to aging, stress, and inflammation, and the likely role of estrogen in the excitatory degenerative process.” March 2017 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Connection between inflammation in the brain and the organs"The inflammatory, degenerative processes in the brain take a few hours to develop, and during those hours, stress signals from the brain cause changes in the gut that lead to a systemic inflammatory state." March 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Oral progesterone: appropriate response to severe stress"Oral administration of progesterone seems appropriate in any severe stress, as the gut quickly becomes an amplifier of inflammatory responses." March 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Toxicity of free fatty acids"Free fatty acids, especially when polyunsaturated, are toxic to the brain: they increase inflammation and block energy metabolism." March 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Stress buffers: substances that help keep metabolism on track"Several of these substances inhibit the release of free fatty acids and the formation of prostaglandins and reduce nitric oxide, lactate production, inflammation, excitation, and cholinergic tone; and what they all have in common is supporting a shift away from a highly reduced state toward an oxidized, energized balance." March 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Serotonin’s dual effect on blood vessels and inflammation"Although its name, serotonin, is based on its ability to constrict blood vessels, it also increases their permeability. Both effects contribute to its role in fatigue and inflammation – and to the therapeutic effects of serotonin antagonists in various conditions, including arthritis (Cloutier, et al., 2012) and traumatic brain injury." July 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Ideology distorts the understanding of stress physiology"The ideology surrounding stress physiology, which distorts the importance of serotonin, estrogen, unsaturated fats, sugar, lactate, carbon dioxide, and various other biological molecules, has hidden the simple remedies for most inflammatory and degenerative diseases." July 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Mitigating the harmful effects of excess serotonin"Avoiding prolonged fasting and strenuous exercise that increase free fatty acids, combining sugar with proteins to keep free fatty acids low, and using aspirin, niacinamide, or cyproheptadine to reduce the formation of free fatty acids caused by unavoidable stress; also avoiding an excess of phosphate relative to calcium in the diet, consuming milk and other anti-stress foods before bedtime or at night, and staying in a brightly lit environment during the day with regular sunlight exposure – all of this can minimize the harmful effects of excessive serotonin and reduce the associated inflammation, fibrosis, and atrophy." July 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The Function of the Estrogen Receptor Independent of Estrogen“The so-called estrogen receptor can also act without the presence of estrogen when the cell is stressed by hypoxia, ionizing radiation, or inflammation; this can cause things that damage the cell to amplify the effect of existing estrogen.” July 2018 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Common Shifts in Chronic, Degenerative Conditions“These shifts toward pseudohypoxia, alkalinity, excitation, water retention, and inefficient energy production can be observed – locally or systemically – in all chronic and degenerative conditions now known to involve inflammation.” July 2017 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Therapeutic Potential of Carbon Dioxide Application“The direct application of carbon dioxide is likely helpful in all the situations where acetazolamide is known to be beneficial – only without the risk of an allergy to this drug: traumatic brain edema, altitude sickness, osteoporosis, epilepsy, glaucoma, hyperactivity (ADHD), inflammation, intestinal polyps, and arthritis. Diabetes, cardiomyopathy (Torella, et al., 2014), obesity (Arechederra, et al., 2013), cancer, dementia, and psychosis are also likely to benefit.” July 2017 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Regenerative Processes: Injury-Induced Enzymatic Pathways“In the initial responses to injury, inflammatory changes activate enzymes that support undifferentiated growth.” July 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
How Cellular ‘Hunger’ Mechanisms Drive Cancer Metabolism“Cellular starvation, starting with the tumor focus of metabolic inefficiency, amplifies inflammation, shifts fuel metabolism, and produces pseudohypoxia – in a progressive vicious cycle.” July 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Stress-Induced Parasympathetic Dysfunction and Tumors“Under severe, prolonged stress, the body’s stress-limiting parasympathetic nervous system can become counterproductive and promote excitotoxicity, inflammation, and tumor growth.” July 2016 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Metchnikoff’s Phagocytes and Inflammatory Response“Metchnikoff recognized that phagocytes are attracted from body areas far from the inflammatory stimulus to the damaged area, and he studied their role in tissue repair and embryonic development.” January 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The Role of Inflammation in a Universal Pathology"Until the beginning of this century, inflammation was mostly seen as a simply constructive part of the local healing process, but it began to be recognized that it has a universal role in pathology. Tissue damage was no longer viewed as merely a local event. Research was pushed to reconsider Metchnikoff’s holistic, developmental view of immunity. Bystander effects – the release of substances by any injured cell that trigger similar damage in other cells, even in distant parts of the body (Koturbash, 2007; Kovalchuk, 2016) – and the associated persistent epigenetic changes are part of innate immunity. This system is activated by adjuvants, as is the adaptive immune system that produces antibodies." January 2020 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Dual Development of Steroid Hormones in Research and Commerce"From the 1930s to the 1950s, steroid hormones and their physiological effects were studied in an objective biophysical manner, while simultaneously being transformed into products by pharmaceutical cartels. Their general properties, including anesthesia, inflammation, and carcinogenesis, were considered within the framework of universal, general properties of cells and tissues." January 2019 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
The Influence of Hypothyroidism on Cortisone and Inflammation"While hypothyroidism causes the body to require more cortisone to maintain blood sugar and energy production, it simultaneously limits the ability to produce cortisone. Thus, stress can in some cases trigger symptoms resulting from cortisone deficiency – including various forms of arthritis and more general forms of chronic inflammation." Generative Energy Restoring The Wholeness Of Life |
Estrogen's Role in Cortisol Production and Cell Damage"Increased cortisol is a normal response to the cell-damaging effects of stress or inflammation, but cortisol itself causes the death of nerve and immune cells through excitotoxicity by blocking glucose metabolism. Estrogen increases cortisol production in various ways, acting both through the pituitary gland and directly on the adrenal glands." February 2001 |
The Role of Adrenaline in Depression, Stress, and Inflammation"Increased adrenaline is – like increased cortisol – a feature of depression, stress, and inflammation; by mobilizing fats, it can become part of a vicious cycle in which free fatty acids cause insulin resistance and thereby activate stress responses." February 2001 |
Estrogen's Influence on Histamine, Serotonin, and Edema“Histamine and serotonin, as well as other pro-inflammatory factors released by estrogen, are known to contribute to its ability to cause edema. The excess nitric oxide produced under the influence of estrogen likely contributes to some edematous, inflammatory, and degenerative conditions.” January 2000 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Metabolic and inflammatory processes in Alzheimer’s and multiple sclerosis“Both Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis are associated with reduced brain metabolism combined with an inflammatory process.” December 1999 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Imperfection and adaptability of organisms under stress conditions“Shock, inflammation, aging, and death were attributed a survival value – because of this totalitarian view of genetics. Could it be that organisms simply aren’t perfect and that some things systematically go wrong? That is: an organism has a certain strength, resilience, or adaptability; but when it finds itself under conditions that are too difficult, processes can arise that never contributed to survival because several otherwise sensible defense mechanisms start interfering with each other.” 1998 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter - 4 |
The role of inflammation in aging and degenerative diseases“What we call inflammation provides a good conceptual link between studies on excitotoxicity or cellular stress and newer approaches to treating aging and degenerative diseases based on ideas of regeneration and development. Controlling inflammation thus becomes part of promoting regeneration.” 1998 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter - 2 |
Connection between injury potential and inflammation“Injury potential and inflammation are closely linked; for example, I found that sunburned skin or skin irritated by applying a prostaglandin had a negative polarity compared to the normal adjacent skin.” 1998 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter - 2 |
Hypertonic sodium chloride for treating various inflammations“Hypertonic sodium chloride (Clifford White, Lancet, October 80, 1915) was also used to treat infected wounds, and its success in treating war wounds led to its use as a vaginal wash to treat various inflammations and infections, including infections related to childbirth, salpingitis, cellulitis, gonorrhea, vaginitis, cervical erosions, and to prepare a cancerous cervix for surgery.” July 1991 – Ray Peat’s Newsletter |
Ray Peat on Inflammation
Supplements according to Ray Peat
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